The signing of the Paris Peace Accords in 1991. First three
figures from right had been united in their anti-Vietnamese resistance movement
together up to this point in history. Sihanouk [third from right] had justified
his shallow nationalism and his trade-mark fickleness in politics with his
admission that his Khmer subjects had lived better lives under Vietnam's
tutelage than they had done under the Khmer Rouge! Second from right - Ieng
Mouly - another bright actor who quickly crawled his way into the gold cage
laid for former rebels by Hanoi. Having secured himself a ministerial position
within the Hun Sen regime he set about repaying his new patrons by lecturing to
former combatants and followers, urging them not to fall into the trap of being
"used by others" - presumably men as opportunistic and as
unprincipled as himself? Khieu Samphan [first right, along with Nuon Chea et al
now standing trial] maybe the only person in this picture to be feeling genuinely hard done by both
politically and on a personal level - the rest are just content to applaud the
tragi-comedy that is present-day Cambodia - School of Vice“The other parties to this Agreement hereby solemnly undertake to recognize and to respect in every way the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality and national unity of Cambodia.”
 |
| Rights abuse abound and a terminal feature under the CPP regime's one party rule - School of Vice |
Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Canada, the People's Republic of China, the French Republic, the Republic of India, the Republic of Indonesia, Japan, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, the Republic of the Philippines, the Republic of Singapore, the Kingdom of Thailand, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,
In
the presence of the Secretary-General of the United Nations,
Convinced
that
a comprehensive political settlement for Cambodia is essential for the
long-term objective of maintaining peace and security in South-East Asia,
Recalling
their
obligations under the Charter of the United Nations and other rules of
international law,
Considering
that
full observance of the principles of noninterference and non-intervention in
the internal and external affairs of States is of the greatest importance for
the maintenance of international peace and security,
Reaffirming
the
inalienable right of States freely to determine their own political, economic,
cultural and social systems in accordance with the will of their peoples,
without outside interference, subversion, coercion or threat in any form
whatsoever,
Desiring
to
promote respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in
conformity with the Charter of the United Nations and other relevant
international instruments,
Have
agreed as
follows:
Article 1
1.
Cambodia
hereby solemnly undertakes to maintain, preserve and defend its sovereignty,
independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality, and national
unity; the perpetual neutrality of Cambodia shall be proclaimed and enshrined
in the Cambodian constitution to be adopted after free and fair elections.
2.
To
this end, Cambodia undertakes:
a. To refrain from any action that might
impair the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity and
inviolability of other States;
b. To refrain from entering into any
military alliances or other military agreements with other States that would be
inconsistent with its neutrality, without prejudice to Cambodia's right to
acquire the necessary military equipment, arms, munitions and assistance to
enable it to exercise its inherent right of self-defence and to maintain law
and order;
c. To refrain from interference in any
form whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, in the internal affairs of other
States;
d. To terminate treaties and agreements
that are incompatible with its sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity
and inviolability, neutrality, and national unity;
e. To refrain from the threat or use of
force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State,
or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations;
f. To settle all disputes with other
States by peaceful means;
g. To refrain from using its territory
or the territories of other States to impair the sovereignty, independence, and
territorial integrity and inviolability of other States;
h.
To refrain from permitting the introduction or stationing of foreign forces,
including military personnel, in any form whatsoever, in Cambodia, and to
prevent the establishment or maintenance of foreign military bases, strong
points or facilities in Cambodia, except pursuant to United Nations
authorization for the implementation of the comprehensive political settlement.
Article
2
1. The other parties to this Agreement
hereby solemnly undertake to recognize and to respect in every way the
sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality
and national unity of Cambodia.
2. To this end,
they undertake:
a. To refrain
from entering into any military alliances or other military agreements with
Cambodia that would be inconsistent with Cambodia's neutrality, without
prejudice to Cambodia's right to acquire the necessary military equipment,
arms, munitions and assistance to enable it to exercise its inherent right of
self-defence and to maintain law and order;
b. To refrain
from interference in any form whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, in the
internal affairs of Cambodia;
c. To refrain from the threat or use of
force against the territorial integrity or political independence of Cambodia,
or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations;
d. To settle all disputes with Cambodia
by peaceful means;
e. To refrain from using their
territories or the territories of other States to impair the sovereignty,
independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality and national
unity of Cambodia;
f. To refrain from using the territory
of Cambodia to impair the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity
and inviolability of other States;
g.
To refrain from the introduction or stationing of foreign forces, including
military personnel, in any form whatsoever, in Cambodia and from establishing
or maintaining military bases, strong points or facilities in Cambodia, except
pursuant to United Nations authorization for the implementation of the
comprehensive political senlement.
Article
3
1. All persons in Cambodia shall enjoy
the rights and freedoms embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
and other relevant international human rights instruments.
2. To this end,
a. Cambodia undertakes:
�.
to
ensure respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in
Cambodia;
�.
to
support the right of all Cambodian citizens to undertake activities that would
promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms;
�.
to
take effective measures to ensure that the policies and practices of the past
shall never be allowed to return:
�.
to
adhere to relevant international human rights instruments;
�.
b.
The other parties to this Agreement undertake to promote and encourage respect
for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Cambodia as
embodied in the relevant international instruments in order, in particular, to
prevent the recurrence of human rights abuses.
�.
3.
The United Nations Commission on Human Rights should continue to monitor
closely the human rights situation in Cambodia, including, if necessary, by the
appointment of a Special Rapporteur who would report his findings annually to
the Commission and to the General Assembly.
Article
4
The
parties to this Agreement call upon all other States to recognize and respect
in every way the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and
Inviolability, neutrality and national unity of
Cambodia and to refrain from any action
inconsistent with these principles or with other provisions of this Agreement.
Article
5
1.
In
the event of a violation or threat of violation of the sovereignty,
independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality or national
unity of Cambodia, or of any of the other commitments herein, the parties to
this agreement undertake to consult immediately with a view to adopting all
appropriate steps to ensure respect for these commitments and resolving any
such violations through peaceful means.
2.
Such
steps may include, inter alia, reference of the matter of the Security
Council of the United Nations or recourse to the means for the peaceful
settlement of disputes referred to in Article 33 of the Charter of the United
Nations.
3.
The
parties to this Agreement may also call upon the assistance of the co-Chairmen
of the Paris Conference on Cambodia.
4.
In
the event of serious violations of human rights in Cambodia, they will call
upon the competent organs of the United Nations to take such other steps as are
appropriate for the prevention and suppression of such violations in accordance
with the relevant international instruments.
Article
6
This
Agreement shall enter into force upon signature.
Article
7
This
Agreement shall remain open for accession by all States. The instruments of
accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the French Republic and
the Republic of Indonesia. For each State acceding to this Agreement, it shall
enter into force on the date of deposit of its instrument of accession.
Article
8
The
original of this Agreement, of which the Chinese, English, French, Khmer and
Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Governments of
the French Republic and the Republic of Indonesia, which shall transmit
certified true copies to the Governments of the other States participating in
the Paris Conference on Cambodia and to the Secretary-General of the United
Nations.
In
witness whereof the
undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this
Agreement.
Done
at Paris this
twenty-third day of October, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-one.
Posted by USIP Library on: February 22 2000 Source Name: United
Nations, Department of Public Information, Agreements on a Comprehensive
Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict: Paris, 23 October 1991, January
1992, 7-40.
Source: United States Institute of Peace
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